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- The Grapes of Wrath
-
- The Grapes of Wrath is a novel by John Steinbeck that exposes the desperate conditions under
- which the migratory farm families of America during the 1930's live under. The novel tells of one
- families migration west to California through the great economic depression of the 1930's. The
- Joad family had to abandon their home and their livelihoods. They had to uproot and set adrift
- because tractors were rapidly industrializing their farms. The bank took possession of their land
- because the owners could not pay off their loan. The novel shows how the Joad family deals with
- moving to California. How they survive the cruelty of the land owners that take advantage of them,
- their poverty and willingness to work.
- The Grapes of Wrath combines Steinbeck adoration of the land, his simple hatred of
- corruption resulting from materialism (money) and his abiding faith in the common people to
- overcome the hostile environment. The novel opens with a retaining picture of nature on rampage.
- The novel shows the men and women that are unbroken by nature. The theme is one of man verses
- a hostile environment. His body destroyed but his spirit is not broken. The method used to develop
- the theme of the novel is through the use of symbolism. There are several uses of symbols in the
- novel from the turtle at the beginning to the rain at the end. As each symbol is presented through
- the novel they show examples of the good and the bad things that exist within the novel.
- The opening chapter paints a vivid picture of the situation facing the drought-stricken
- farmers of Oklahoma. Dust is described a covering everything, smothering the life out of anything
- that wants to grow. The dust is symbolic of the erosion of the lives of the people. The dust is
- synonymous with "deadness". The land is ruined ^way of life (farming) gone, people ^uprooted and
- forced to leave. Secondly, the dust stands for ^profiteering banks in the background that squeeze
- the life out the land by forcing the people off the land. The soil, the people (farmers) have been
- drained of life and are exploited:
- The last rain fell on the red and gray country of Oklahoma in early May. The weeds
- became a dark green to protect themselves from the sun's unyielding rays....The wind grew
- stronger, uprooting the weakened corn, and the air became so filled with dust that the stars were
- not visible at night. (Chp 1)
- As the chapter continues a turtle, which appears and reappears several times early in the
- novel, can be seen to stand for survival, a driving life force in all of mankind that cannot be beaten
- by nature or man. The turtle represents a hope that the trip to the west is survivable by the farmer
- migrants (Joad family). The turtle further represents the migrants struggles against nature/man by
- overcoming every obstacle he encounters: the red ant in his path, the truck driver who tries to run
- over him, being captured in Tom Joad's jacket: And now a light truck approached, and as it came
- near, the driver saw the turtle and swerved to hit it. The driver of the truck works for a large
- company, who try to stop the migrants from going west, when the driver attempts to hit the turtle it
- is another example of the big powerful guy trying to flatten or kill the little guy. Everything the
- turtle encounters trys its best to stop the turtle from making its westerly journey. Steadily the turtle
- advances on, ironically to the southwest, the direction of the mirgration of people. The turtle is
- described as being lasting, ancient, old and wise: horny head, yellowed toenails, indestructible high
- dome of a shell, humorous old eyes. (Chp 1)
- The driver of the truck, red ant and Tom Joad's jacket are all symbolic of nature and man the try to
- stop the turtle from continuing his journey westward to the promise land. The turtle helps to
- develop the theme by showing its struggle against life/ comparing it with the Joad struggle against
- man.
- The grapes seem to symbolize both bitterness and copiousness. Grandpa the oldest
- member of the Joad family talks of the grapes as symbols of plenty; all his descriptions of what he
- is going to do with the grapes in California suggest contentment, freedom, the goal for which the
- Joad family strive for: I'm gonna let the juice run down ma face, bath in the dammed grapes (Chp
- 4)
- The grapes that are talked about by Grandpa help to elaborate the theme by showing that no matter
- how nice everything seems in California the truth is that their beauty is only skin deep, in their
- souls they are rotten. The rotten core verses the beautiful appearance.
- The willow tree that is located on the Joad's farm represents the Joad family. The willow
- is described as being unmovable and never bending to the wind or dust. The Joad family does not
- want to move, they prefer to stay on the land they grew up on, much the same as the willow does.
- The willow contributes to the theme by showing the unwillingness of the people to be removed
- from their land by the banks. The latter represents the force making them leave their homes. Both
- of these symbols help contribute to the theme by showing a struggle between each other. The tree
- struggles against nature in much the same way that the Joad family struggles against the Bank and
- large companies.
- The rains that comes at the end of the novel symbolize several things. Rain in which is
- excessive, in a certain way fulfills a cycle of the dust which is also excessive. In a way nature has
- restored a balance and has initiated a new growth cycle. This ties in with other examples of the
- rebirth idea in the ending, much in the way the Joad family will grow again. The rain contributes
- to the theme by showing the cycle of nature that give a conclusion to the novel by showing that life
- is a pattern of birth and death. The rain is another example of nature against man, the rain comes
- and floods the living quarters of the Joads. The Joads try to stop the flood of their home by yet
- again are forced back when nature drops a tree causing a flood of water to ruin their home forcing
- them to move. In opposite way rain can helpful to give life to plants that need it to live. Depending
- on which extreme the rain is in, it can be harmful or helpful. This is true for man, man can become
- both extremes bad or good depending on his choosing.
- Throughout the novel there are several symbols used to develop the theme man verses a
- hostile environment. Each symbol used in the novel show examples of both extremes. Some
- represent man, that struggles against the environment, others paint a clear picture of the feelings of
- the migrants. As each symbol is presented chronologically through the novel, they come together at
- the end to paint a clear picture of the conditions, treatment and feelings the people (migrants) as
- they make there journey through the novel to the West.
-